Перевод: с английского на все языки

со всех языков на английский

Со всех языков на:
Английский
С английского на:
Все языки
Русский
Французский

initial route point

Толкование Перевод

1 initial route point

исходный пункт маршрута

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > initial route point
2 point

точка; пункт; место; ориентир; вершина, острие, конец; деление ( шкалы) ; румб ( компаса) ; показывать, указывать

100 foot point — точка на высоте 100 футов (30,5 м)

1-g trim point — балансировочная точка при единичной перегрузке

35-ft height point — точка на высоте 35 футов (10,5 м) над уровнем впп

50-ft flare point — точка (начала) выравнивания на высоте 50 футов (15 м)

attachment points for external loads — узлы крепления наружных подвесок

computed air release point — расчётный пункт сброса (десанта, грузов); расчётная точка сбрасывания бомб

constant pitching moment point — аэродинамический фокус

continuously computed impact point — непрерывно вычисляемая точка попадания бомбы

end point of the nozzle — концевая точка профиля сопла

external (stores) attachment points — узлы наружной подвески (грузов или вооружения)

external (stores) mounting points — узлы наружной подвески (грузов или вооружения)

first point of Aries — точка весеннего равноденствия

first point of Cancer — точка летнего солнцестояния

first point of Capricornus — точка зимнего солнцестояния

first point of Libra — точка осеннего равноденствия

glide slope intercept point — точка пересечения глиссадною луча (при заходе на посадку)

ground interception point of the glide slope — точка пересечения глиссады с землёй

ground pressurization test point — точка наземной проверки герметичности [герметизации]

laminar near wake critical point — критическая точка в области ламинарного следа

mean point of impact — центр [средняя точка] попаданий; геометрический центр площади рассеивания (бомб)

near wake critical point — аэрд. критическая точка н ближней области следа

one point per flight — один режим на [за] полет (об испытании)

oxygen (system) charging point — точка зарядки [заправки] кислородной системы

point in the takeoff — точка траектории взлета

point of engine failure — точка отказа двигателя

point of last departure — пункт последнего вылета

point of safe return — рубеж возврата (при сохранении навигационного запаса топлива)

point of thrust termination — точка прекращения работы двигателя, конец активного участка

portable fuel supply point — передвижной пункт заправки топливом

side load reaction point — точка [узел], воспринимающая боковую нагрузку

waste water drain servicing point — точка слива грязной воды при наземном обслуживании

wing-flap retraction complete point — точка завершения уборки закрылков

— accuracy point

— actuation point

— aiming point

— airborne command point

— aircraft dispersal point

— airdrome reference point

— air-launching point

— alighting point

— all-burnt point

— ammunition storage point

— antipodal point

— antisolar point

— aphelion point

— approach aiming point

— assembly point

— auto-approach breakoff point

— auto-navigation homing point

— autopilot breakoff point

— autumnal equinox point

— axisymmetric stagnation point

— bomb release point

— branch point

— break point

— breakdown point

— breakeven point

— breaking point

— breakout point

— bubble point

— built-in test point

— burble point

— burnout point

— canopy breaker point

— cant point

— capture point

— cardinal points

— center reference point

— charging point

— check point

— cockpit dew point

— collinear points

— collision point

— compass points

— compulsory landing point

— compulsory reporting point

— concentrated reaction point

— contact point

— control point

— convergence point

— crossing point

— cutoff point

— data point

— datum point

— dead-reckoning point

— debarkation point

— decision point

— departure point

— design point

— detachment point

— dew point

— discharge point

— disconnect point

— discontinuity point

— dive entry point

— docking point

— down lock point

— drop point

— early warning point

— elastic point

— enroute point

— entry point

— equigravitational point

— equinoctial point

— exit point

— fatigue point

— feeder point

— filling point

— fin attachment point

— fire point

— firing point

— flame-break point

— flammability point

— flareout point

— flash point

— focal point

— force application point

— freezing point

— frost point

— fusion point

— GCA handover point

— ground-charging point

— guidance initial point

— half-deflection point

— hard point

— high-key point

— high-speed buffet point

— holding point

— homing point

— hovering point

— hump point

— ice point

— identification point

— ignition point

— ILS reference point

— impact point

— impingement point

— inflection point

— inflexion point

— initial point

— initial route point

— initiation point

— intercept ion point

— intermediate point

— intersection point

— jacking point

— junction point

— key point

— landing point

— lashing point

— launching point

— lead point

— letdown point

— lift application point

— liftoff point

— loading point

— low-key point

— lunar landing point

— maintenance point

— major test point

— mandatory landing point

— mandatory reporting point

— maneuver point

— mass point

— maximum refusal point

— measurement point

— measuring point

— melting point

— mid-chord point

— missed approach point

— missile-impact point

— missile-target encounter point

— monitoring point

— mount point

— neutral point

— nodal point

— observation point

— off-design point

— off-loading point

— offset point

— oil filling point

— on-request reporting point

— operating point

— over-wing filling point

— oxygen filling point

— oxygen point

— parachute sling point

— perigee point

— picketing point

— pickle point

— pickup point

— pitot point

— point Bravo

— point of arrival

— point of cavitation

— point of chamber

— point of climb

— point of destination

— point of flare

— point of initiation

— point of injection

— point of no-return

— point of origin

— point of separation

— polar curve point

— pour point

— power-unit failure point

— prebriefed point

— predicted collision point

— predicted point

— pressure-refueling point

— pressure-sensing point

— prestall buffet point

— QFE reference point

— quadrantal points

— quarter-chord point

— radar point

— rally point

— rear-fuselage detachment point

— reentry point

— reference point

— refill point

— refueling point

— release point

— rendezvous point

— reporting point

— retro-fire point

— return route point

— roll-in point

— route changing point

— route point

— route turning point

— seat fixing point

— self-ignition point

— separation point

— service draining point

— shock-wave intersection point

— sighting point

— singular point

— skia point

— slinging point

— solidification point

— solstitial point

— sonic point

— splash point

— splashdown point

— staging point

— stagnation point

— stalling point

— starting point

— static point

— steam point

— stick-fixed maneuver point

— stopover point

— stopping point

— store mounting point

— strong point

— subastral point

— sublimation point

— sublunar point

— subsatellite point

— subsolar point

— substellar point

— summing point

— suspension point

— tailplane attachment point

— tailplane pivot point

— takeoff point

— tangency point

— tanking point

— tapping point

— target approach point

— target point

— taxi holding point

— temperature-sensing point

— terminal point

— terminal route point

— test pickoff point

— test point

— threshold point

— tie-down point

— time reference point

— toilet servicing point

— touchdown point

— towing point

— transfer point

— transition point

— trip point

— triple point

— turning point

— turnoff point

— undercarriage mounting point

— underwing hard point

— underwing refueling point

— unstick point

— vernal equinox point

— wake point

— water drain point

— water touchdown point

— wing center point

— yield point

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > point
3 point

головной [тыльный] дозор; ориентир; пункт; балл

C3 nodal point — узловой пункт системы оперативного управления и связи

traffic (circulation) control point — пункт регулирования движения транспорта

— adjusted aiming point

— adjusted air release point

— adjusting point

— advance guard point

— advanced distributing point

— advanced point

— advanced supply point

— advantage point

— aerial refueling control point

— agreed point

— aiming point

— air control point

— air defense defended point

— air passage point

— air release point

— air staging point

— airborne FAC point

— airdrop pick-up point

— airlift delivery point

— airlift pick-up point

— alternate link-up point

— ambush point

— ammunition breakdown point

— ammunition control point

— ammunition delivery point

— ammunition distributing point

— ammunition refilling point

— ammunition supply point

— ammunition transfer point

— amphibious assault control point

— area reference point

— armament delivery point

— armored point

— artillery ammunition distributing point

— assault aircraft control point

— assault point

— assembly point

— assumed aiming point

— automatic picture transmission point

— backloading point

— base point

— bath and clothing exchange point

— bath point

— battalion base point

— battle closure point

— beach discharge point

— beach supply point

— beach transfer point

— blank point

— boat-offloading point

— bombing aim point

— bomb-release point

— bridge preassembly point

— bulk breaking point

— bulk reduction point

— burnout point

— burst point

— calibration point

— cannibalization point

— capture point

— carrier control point

— casualty clearing point

— casualty collecting point

— casualty sorting point

— central PW collecting point

— central stock control point

— check point

— chemical service point

— chemical supply point

— choke point

— civilian collecting point

— civilian internee collecting point

— classified map distribution point

— coast-in point

— collecting point

— collection point

— collision point

— commanding point

— communications check point

— communications point

— company release point

— computed air release point

— computer system subscriber point

— consolidated distribution point

— contact point between units

— contact point

— container-filling point

— contamination control point

— control point

— coordinating point

— crisis point

— critical point

— crosshair aim point

— crossing point

— cross-over point

— cutoff point

— damaged vehicle collecting point

— data line reference point

— datum point

— debarkation point

— debussing point

— decanting point

— decision point

— declinating point

— decontamination point

— delivery point

— departure point

— depot stock point

— description point

— desired mean point of impact

— detonation initiation point

— detraining point

— detrucking point

— directing point

— discharge point

— dismounting point

— dispersal point

— distant aiming point

— distributing point

— distribution point

— downlink point

— drop-off point

— dry water supply point

— effective point of burst

— embarkation point

— embussing point

— engagement point

— engineer regulating point

— engineer supply point

— en-route rally point

— entraining point

— entrucking point

— equipment collecting point

— equipment replenishment point

— exchange point

— exit/entry points

— expected kill point

— ferrying point

— fictitious reference point

— field water point

— fill point

— fire point

— firing point

— flight release point

— focal point of attack

— force rendezvous point

— fording point

— forward ammunition point

— forward area rearm and refuel point

— forward distribution point

— forward point

— forward supply point

— fuel reduction point

— fuel system supply point

— gasoline distributing point

— gasoline supply point

— geographical point

— go-no-go point

— ground control point

— ground datum point

— ground point

— guidance initial point

— gun aiming point

— hard point

— heavy drop resupply point

— helicopter breakup point

— helicopter departure point

— helicopter drop point

— helicopter pick-up point

— high point

— holding and reconsignment point

— holding point

— identification point

— indirect fire reference point

— initial aiming point

— initial firing point

— initial point

— initial rallying point

— initiation point

— intermediate evacuation point

— inventory control point

— jumping-off point

— junction point

— key observation point

— key point

— kill point

— known datum point

— landing point

— launching point

— light reference point

— light tank observation point

— linear reference point

— link-up point

— litter relay point

— loading point

— loading point

— logistics control point

— logistics release point

— main effort point

— main point of penetration

— maintenance collecting point

— maintenance point

— major datum point

— map distribution point

— map supply point

— march collecting point

— marching-off point

— mean point of bursts

— mean point of impact

— medical distributing point

— medical supply point

— message pick-up and drop point

— message relay point

— message transfer point

— messenger pick-up point

— mine breakdown point

— missile aim point

— mobile supply point

— mobilization point

— monitoring point

— mounted point

— mounting point

— multiple aim point

— multiple launch point

— munitions distributing point

— National Inventory Control point

— National Maintenance point

— NATO communications interface point

— nodal communications point

— nonwaiverable promotion point

— nuclear ammunition supply point

— objective point

— objective rallying point

— observation point

— observing point

— off-loading point

— offset aiming point

— offset point

— ordnance central stock control point

— ordnance collecting point

— ordnance supply point

— origin point

— passage point

— patient collecting point

— penetration point

— personnel assistance point

— petrol point

— pick-up point

— pick-up zone release point

— pivot point

— point of impact

— pop-up point

— preassembly point

— predesignated rendezvous point

— predicted collision point

— predicted point of impact

— promotion point

— pull-up point

— PW collecting point

— radar point

— radar reference point

— rallying point

— ranging point

— rapid refueling point

— ration delivery point

— rear guard point

— rear point

— rearm and refuel point

— reclothing point

— reconsignment point

— recovery and disposition collecting point

— reentry rally point

— reference point

— refilling point

— refueling point

— registration point

— regulating point

— relay point

— release point

— rendezvous point

— reporting point

— rest point

— resupply point

— retail filling point

— roll-in point

— route critical point

— safe-in-range point

— saivage collecting point

— salvo point

— search point

— shot point

— SIGINT processing point

— signal central stock control point

— single reference point

— sorting point

— sound registration point

— special ammunition supply point

— squad release point

— starting point

— stock control point

— stores distribution point

— stores loading point

— strategic focal point

— striking point

— supply delivery point

— supply point

— support point

— surveillance vantage points

— survey control point

— switching point

— tactical point

— tactical rallying point

— tank point

— tanker-tc-tanker transfer point

— target approach point

— target reference point

— termination point

— terrain point

— thrust point

— topping-off point

— trailer transfer point

— training point

— transfer point

— transload point

— transportation control point

— triage point

— trial shot point

— triple point

— turn-in point

— turning point

— unclassified map distribution point

— underwater fording point

— unserviceable equipment rally point

— vantage point

— vehicle delivery point

— vehicle-collecting point

— via point

— view point

— visual identification point

— visual reference point

— visual target identification point

— vital point

— vulnerable point

— warming point

— water distributing point

— water supply point

— wave rendezvous point

— way point

— weapon release point

— wet point

— witness point

— zero point

English-Russian military dictionary > point
4 of

acknowledgement of receipt
подтверждение приема
actual time of arrival
фактическое время прибытия
aerodrome of call
аэродром выхода на радиосвязь
aerodrome of departure
аэродром вылета
aerodrome of intended landing
аэродром предполагаемой посадки
aerodrome of origin
аэродром приписки
aircraft center - of - gravity
центровка воздушного судна
airport of departure
аэропорт вылета
airport of destination
аэропорт назначения
airport of entry
аэропорт прилета
allocation of duties
распределение обязанностей
allocation of frequencies
распределение частот
allotment of frequencies
выделение частот
alternative means of communication
резервные средства связи
amount of controls
степень использования
amount of feedback
степень обратной связи
amount of precipitation
количество осадков
angle of allowance
угол упреждения
angle of approach
угол захода на посадку
angle of approach light
угол набора высоты
angle of ascent
угол набора высоты
angle of attack
угол атаки
angle of climb
угол набора высоты
angle of coverage
угол действия
angle of crab
угол сноса
angle of descent
угол снижения
angle of deviation
угол отклонения
angle of dip
угол магнитного склонения
angle of dive
угол пикирования
angle of downwash
угол скоса потока вниз
angle of elevation
угол места
angle of exit
угол схода
angle of glide
угол планирования
angle of incidence
угол атаки
angle of indraft
угол входа воздушной массы
angle of lag
угол отставания
angle of landing
посадочный угол
angle of pitch
угол тангажа
angle of roll
угол крена
angle - of - sideslip transmitter
датчик угла скольжения
angle of sight
угол прицеливания
angle of slope
угол наклона глиссады
angle of stall
угол сваливания
angle of turn
угол разворота
angle of upwash
угол скоса потока вверх
angle of visibility
угол обзора
angle of yaw
угол рыскания
antimeridian of Greenwich
меридиан, противоположный Гринвичскому
apparent drift of the gyro
кажущийся уход гироскопа
application of tariffs
применение тарифов
approach rate of descent
скорость снижения при заходе на посадку
arc of a path
дуга траектории
arc of equal bearings
дуга равных азимутов
area of coverage
зона действия
area of coverage of the forecasts
район обеспечения прогнозами
area of occurence
район происшествия
area of responsibility
зона ответственности
arrest the development of the stall
препятствовать сваливанию
assessment of costs
установление размеров расходов
assignment of duties
распределение обязанностей
Association of European Airlines
Ассоциация европейских авиакомпаний
Association of South Pacific Airlines
Ассоциация авиакомпаний южной части Тихого океана
assumption of control message
прием экипажем диспетчерского указания
at a speed of
на скорости
at the end of
в конце цикла
at the end of segment
в конце участка
(полета) at the end of stroke
в конце хода
(поршня) at the start of cycle
в начале цикла
at the start of segment
в начале участка
(полета) aviation-to-aviation type of interference
помехи от авиационных объектов
avoidance of collisions
предотвращение столкновений
avoidance of hazardous conditions
предупреждение опасных условий полета
axial of bank
продольная ось
axis of precession
ось прецессии гироскопа
axis of roll
продольная ось
axis of rotation
ось вращения
axis of yaw
вертикальная ось
backward movement of the stick
взятие ручки на себя
be out of trim
быть разбалансированным
best rate of climb
наибольшая скороподъемность
bias out of view
выходить из поля зрения
bill of entry
таможенная декларация
bill of lading
грузовая накладная
blanketing of controls
затенение рулей
body of compass card
диск картушки компаса
boundary of the area
граница зоны
Bureau of Administration and Services
Административно-хозяйственное управление
camber of a profile
кривизна профиля
care of passengers
обслуживание пассажиров
carriage of passengers
перевозка пассажиров
carry out a circuit of the aerodrome
выполнять круг полета над аэродромом
cause of aircraft trouble
причина неисправности воздушного судна
center of air pressure
центр аэродинамического давления
center of depression
центр низкого давления
center of force
центр приложения силы
center of gravity
центр тяжести
center of mass
центр масс
center of pressure
центр давления
Central Agency of Air Service
Главное агентство воздушных сообщений
certificate of revaccination
сертификат ревакцинации
certificate of safety for flight
свидетельство о допуске к полетам
certificate of vaccination
сертификат вакцинации
choice of field
выбор посадочной площадки
class of lift
класс посадки
clearance of goods
таможенное разрешение на провоз
clearance of obstacles
безопасная высота пролета препятствий
clearance of the aircraft
разрешение воздушному судну
coefficient of heat transfer
коэффициент теплопередачи
come clear of the ground
отрываться от земли
complex type of aircraft
комбинированный тип воздушного судна
composition of a crew
состав экипажа
concept of separation
эшелонирование
conditions of carriage
условия перевозок
cone of rays
пучок лучей
congestion of information
насыщенность информации
continuity of guidance
непрерывность наведения
contour of perceived noise
контур воспринимаемого шума
control of an investigation
контроль за ходом расследования
correlation of levels
приведение эшелонов в соответствие
country of arrival
страна прилета
country of origin
страна вылета
course of training
курс подготовки
coverage of the chart
картографируемый район
curve of equal bearings
линия равных азимутов
danger of collisions
опасность столкновения
degree of accuracy
степень точности
degree of freedom
степень свободы
degree of skill
уровень квалификации
degree of stability
степень устойчивости
denial of carriage
отказ в перевозке
Department of Transportation
Министерство транспорта
derivation of operating data
расчет эксплуатационных параметров
determination of cause
установление причины
determine amount of the error
определять величину девиации
determine the extent of damage
определять степень повреждения
determine the sign of deviation
определять знак девиации
development of the stall
процесс сваливания
direction of approach
направление захода на посадку
direction of rotation
направление вращения
direction of turn
направление разворота
duration of noise effect
продолжительность воздействия шума
elevation of the strip
превышение летной полосы
elevation setting of light units
установка углов возвышения глиссадных огней
eliminate the cause of
устранять причину
eliminate the source of danger
устранять источник опасности
(для воздушного движения) end of runway
начало ВПП
enforce rules of the air
обеспечивать соблюдение правил полетов
en-route change of level
изменение эшелона на маршруте
erection of the gyro
восстановление гироскопа
estimated position of aircraft
расчетное положение воздушного судна
estimated time of arrival
расчетное время прибытия
estimated time of departure
расчетное время вылета
estimated time of flight
расчетное время полета
even use of fuel
равномерная выработка топлива
extension of ticket validity
продление срока годности билета
extent of damage
степень повреждения
facilitate rapid clearance of
обеспечивать быстрое освобождение
factor of safety
уровень безопасности
filing of statistical data
представление статистических данных
first freedom of the air
первая степень свободы воздуха
first type of occurence
первый тип события
flow of air traffic
поток воздушного движения
fly under the supervision of
летать под контролем
for reasons of safety
в целях безопасности
freedom of action
свобода действий
freedom of the air
степень свободы воздуха
frequency of operations
частота полетов
gathering of information
сбор информации
general conditions of carriage
основные условия перевозки
General Conference of Weights and Measure
Генеральная конференция по мерам и весам
General Department of International Air Services of Aeroflot
Центральное управление международных воздушных сообщений гражданской авиации
get out of control
терять управление
given conditions of flight
заданные условия полета
go out of control
становиться неуправляемым
go out of the spin
выходить из штопора
grade of service
категория обслуживания
grade of the pilot licence
класс пилотского свидетельства
grading of runway
нивелирование ВПП
height at start of retraction
высота начала уборки
hover at the height of
зависать на высоте
identification of signals
опознавание сигналов
inconventional type of aircraft
нестандартный тип воздушного судна
increase a camber of the profile
увеличивать кривизну профиля
indication of a request
обозначение запроса
in interests of safety
в интересах безопасности
initial rate of climb
начальная скороподъемность
initial stage of go-around
начальный участок ухода на второй круг
inlet angle of attack
угол атаки заборного устройства
intake angle of attack
угол атаки воздухозаборника
integrated system of airspace control
комплексная система контроля воздушного пространства
interception of civil aircraft
перехват гражданского воздушного судна
International Co-ordinating Council of Aerospace Industries Association
Международный координационный совет ассоциаций авиакосмической промышленности
International Council of Aircraft Owner and Pilot Associations
Международный совет ассоциаций владельцев воздушных судов и пилотов
International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations
Международная федерация ассоциаций линейных пилотов
International Federation of Air Traffic Controllers' Associations
Международная федерация ассоциаций авиадиспетчеров
International Relations Department of the Ministry of Civil Aviation
Управление внешних сношений Министерства гражданской авиации
interpretation of the signal
расшифровка сигнала
interpretation of weather chart
чтение метеорологической карты
intersection of air routes
пересечение воздушных трасс
in the case of delay
в случае задержки
in the event of a mishap
в случае происшествия
in the event of malfunction
в случая отказа
introduction of the corrections
ввод поправок
keep clear of rotor blades
остерегаться лопастей несущего винта
keep clear of the aircraft
держаться на безопасном расстоянии от воздушного судна
keep out of the way
не занимать трассу
layout of aerodrome markings
маркировка аэродрома
layout of controls
расположение органов управления
lessee of an aircraft
арендатор воздушного судна
level of airworthiness
уровень летной годности
level of safety
уровень безопасности
level of speech interference
уровень помех речевой связи
limiting range of mass
предел ограничения массы
line of flight
линия полета
line of position
линия положения
line of sight
линия визирования
location of distress
район бедствия
loss of control
потеря управления
loss of pressurization
разгерметизация
loss of strength
потеря прочности
magnetic orientation of runway
ориентировка ВПП по магнитному меридиану
margin of error
допуск на погрешность
margin of lift
запас подъемной силы
margin of safety
допустимый уровень безопасности
margin of stability
запас устойчивости
marking of pavements
маркировка покрытия
mean scale of the chart
средний масштаб карты
means of communication
средства связи
means of identification
средства опознавания
meridian of Greenwich
гринвичский меридиан
method of steepest descent
способ резкого снижения
mode of flight
режим полета
moment of inertia
момент инерции
moment of momentum
момент количества движения
name-code of the route
кодирование названия маршрута
onset of wind
резкий порыв ветра
operation of aircraft
эксплуатация воздушного судна
out of ground effect
вне зоны влияния земли
out of service
изъятый из эксплуатации
overshoot capture of the glide slope
поздний захват глиссадного луча
period of rating currency
период действия квалифицированной отметки
personal property of passengers
личные вещи пассажиров
pilot's field of view
поле зрения пилота
plane of rotation
плоскость вращения
plane of symmetry of the aeroplane
плоскость симметрии самолета
point of arrival
пункт прилета
point of call
пункт выхода на связь
point of departure
пункт вылета
point of destination
пункт назначения
point of discontinuity
точка разрыва
point of intersection
точка пересечения
point of loading
пункт погрузки
point of no return
рубеж возврата
point of origin
пункт вылета
point of turn-around
рубеж разворота
point of unloading
пункт выгрузки
portion of a flight
отрезок полета
portion of a runway
участок ВПП
prevention of collisions
предотвращение столкновений
primary element of structure
основной элемент конструкции
prohibition of landing
запрещение посадки
prolongation of the rating
продление срока действия квалификационной отметки
promotion of safety
обеспечение безопасности полетов
proof of compliance
доказательство соответствия
propagation of sound
распространение шума
protection of evidence
сохранение вещественных доказательств
pull out of the spin
выводить из штопора
pull the aircraft out of
брать штурвал на себя
radar transfer of control
передача радиолокационного диспетчерского управления
radius of curvature
радиус кривизны
range of coverage
радиус действия
range of motion
диапазон отклонения
range of revolutions
диапазон оборотов
range of visibility
дальность видимости
range of vision
дальность обзора
rate of climb
скороподъемность
rate of closure
скорость сближения
rate of descent
скорость снижения
rate of disagreement
скорость рассогласования
rate of duty
скорость таможенной пошлины
rate of exchange
курс обмена валюты
rate of flaps motion
скорость отклонения закрылков
rate of growth
темп роста
rate of pitch
скорость по тангажу
rate of roll
скорость крена
rate of sideslip
скорость бокового скольжения
rate of trim
скорость балансировки
rate of turn
скорость разворота
rate of yaw
скорость рыскания
reception of telephony
прием телефонных сообщений
record of amendments
лист учета поправок
record of revisions
внесение поправок
regularity of operations
регулярность полетов
relay of messages
передача сообщений
release of control
передача управления
removal of aircraft
удаление воздушного судна
removal of limitations
отмена ограничений
replacement of parts
замена деталей
representative of a carrier
представитель перевозчика
reservation of a seat
бронирование места
retirement of aircraft
списание воздушного судна
right - of - entry
преимущественное право входа
roll out of the turn
выходить из разворота
rules of the air
правила полетов
safe handling of an aircraft
безопасное управление воздушным судном
second freedom of the air
вторая степень свободы воздуха
second type of occurence
второй тип события
selection of engine mode
выбор режима работы двигателя
sequence of fuel usage
очередность выработки топлива
(по группам баков) sequence of operation
последовательность выполнения операций
showers of rain and snow
ливневый дождь со снегом
simultaneous use of runways
одновременная эксплуатация нескольких ВПП
site of occurrence
место происшествия
slope of level
наклон кривой уровня
(шумов) source of danger
источник опасности
Standing Committee of Performance
Постоянный комитет по летно-техническим характеристикам
start of leveloff
начало выравнивания
start of takeoff
начало разбега при взлете
state of aircraft manufacture
государство - изготовитель воздушного судна
state of discharge
степень разряженности
(аккумулятора) state of emergency
аварийное состояние
state of occurence
государство места события
state of transit
государство транзита
steadiness of approach
устойчивость при заходе на посадку
steady rate of climb
установившаяся скорость набора высоты
structure of fronts
структура атмосферных фронтов
submission of a flight plan
представление плана полета
system of monitoring visual aids
система контроля за работой визуальных средств
(на аэродроме) system of units
система единиц
(измерения) table of cruising levels
таблица крейсерских эшелонов
table of intensity settings
таблица регулировки интенсивности
table of limits
таблица ограничений
table of tolerance
таблица допусков
take out of service
снимать с эксплуатации
target level of safety
заданный уровень безопасности полетов
temporary loss of control
временная потеря управляемости
termination of control
прекращение диспетчерского обслуживания
theory of flight
теория полета
time of lag
время запаздывания
time of origin
время отправления
titl of the gyro
завал гироскопа
top of climb
конечный участок набора высоты
transfer of control
передача диспетчерского управления
transmission of telephony
передача радиотелефонных сообщений
transmit on frequency of
вести передачу на частоте
triangle of velocities
треугольник скоростей
under any kind of engine failure
при любом отказе двигателя
uneven use of fuel
неравномерная выработка топлива
unit of measurement
единица измерения
velocity of sound
скорость звука
wall of overpressure
фронт избыточного давления
warn of danger
предупреждать об опасности
within the frame of
в пределах
working language of ICAO
рабочий язык ИКАО
zone of intersection
зона пересечения
zone of silence
зона молчания

English-Russian aviation dictionary > of
5 starting

starting ['stɑ:tɪŋ]

1 noun

(a) (beginning) commencement m;

∎ who wants to be responsible for the starting of a nuclear war? qui veut assumer la responsabilité du déclenchement d'une guerre nucléaire?

(b) (of business etc) mise f en route ou en train

(c) (of engine etc) mise f en marche, démarrage m; (of machine) lancement m

2 adjective

initial;

∎ the starting line-up la composition initiale de l'équipe

►► starting block (in athletics) starting-block m; (for swimmers) plot m de départ;

starting gate Sport (for horse) starting-gate f; (for skier) porte f de départ;

starting grid (in motor racing) grille f de départ;

British Cars starting handle manivelle f;

Sport starting line ligne f de départ;

Technology starting motor moteur m de démarrage;

starting pistol pistolet m du starter;

starting point point m de départ;

Sport starting post ligne f de départ;

starting price (gen) prix m initial; (in horseracing) cote f au départ; (at auction) mise f à prix, prix m d'appel;

starting salary salaire m d'embauche;

starting signal signal m de ou du départ;

Horseracing starting stalls stalles fpl de départ;

starting up (of business etc) mise f en route ou en train; (of engine) mise f en marche, démarrage m; (of machine) lancement m

Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > starting
6 Historical Portugal

   Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.

   A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.

   Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140

   The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."

   In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.

   The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.

   Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385

   Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in

   Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.

   The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.

   Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580

   The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.

   The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.

   What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.

   By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.

   Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.

   The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.

   By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.

   In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.

   Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640

   Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.

   Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.

   On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.

   Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822

   Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.

   Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.

   In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the

   Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.

   Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.

   Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.

   Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910

   During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.

   Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.

   Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.

   Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.

   Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.

   As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.

   First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26

   Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.

   The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.

   Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.

   The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74

   During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."

   Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.

   For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),

   and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.

   The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.

   With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.

   During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.

   The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.

   At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.

   The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.

   Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76

   Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.

   Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.

   In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.

   In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.

   In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.

   The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until

   UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.

   Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000

   After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.

   From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.

   Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.

   Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.

   In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.

   In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.

   Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.

    Contemporary Portugal

   Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.

   The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.

   Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.

   Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).

   All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.

   The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.

   After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.

   Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.

   Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.

   From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.

   Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.

   In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.

   An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal
7 problem

1) задача; проблема

2) неисправность

3) трудность, затруднение

•

problem with fixed boundaries — задача с неподвижными границами

problem with losses — задача об обслуживании с потерями

problem with movable boundaries — задача с подвижными границами

problem with waiting — задача об обслуживании с ожиданием

to attack a problem — штурмовать проблему

to formulate a problem — формулировать проблему

to work out a problem — разрабатывать проблему

to state a problem — ставить задачу

- absorption problem

- abstract problem

- accompanying problem

- adjoint problem

- advertizing problem

- algebraic problem

- algorithmically unsolvable problem

- applied problem

- approach problem

- arithmetical problem

- assignment problem

- asymptotic problem

- attack-and-defense problem

- augmented problem

- auxiliary problem

- axially symmetric problem

- ballistic problem

- ballot problem

- barrier problem

- basic maximum problem

- betting problem

- bidual problem

- bifurcation problem

- biharmonic problem

- binary problem

- birthday problem

- blending problem

- bottleneck problem

- boundary problem
- boundary value problem
- bounded problem

- bounded-variable problem

- brachistochrone problem

- burglar problem

- cake-cutting problem

- calculability problem

- canonical problem

- capacitated transportation problem
- card matching problem
- cataloguing problem

- caterer problem

- Cauchy problem

- center problem

- center-and-focus problem

- central asymptotic problem
- central limit problem
- chance-constrained problem

- characteristic problem

- characterization problem

- check problem

- classical problem

- classification problem

- closed problem

- coercitive problem

- coexistence problem

- coin-tossing problem

- coin-weighing problem

- coloring problem

- combinatorial problem

- compactness problem

- competitive problem

- compression problem

- computational problem

- conceptual problem

- conjugate problem

- constant problem

- construction problem

- continuum problem

- contract-awards problem

- control problem

- convergence problem

- convex programming problem

- correspondence problem

- counterfeit coin problem

- crossing problem

- dancing problem

- decidability problem

- decision problem under certainty
- decision problem under risk - decision problem under uncertainty
- decoding problem

- degenerate problem

- delivery problem

- diet problem

- differentiation problem

- diffusion problem

- dimensionality problem

- direct problem

- Dirichlet's problem

- disorder problem

- distribution problem

- divisor problem

- domino problem

- econometric problem

- effectivity problem

- eigenvalue problem

- election problem

- embedding problem

- empirical problem

- encounter problem

- entrance-fee problem

- enumerability problem

- enumeration problem

- epistemological problem

- equilibrium problem

- equivalence problem

- equivalent problem

- error minimization problem

- estimation problem

- evolutionary problem

- explosion problem

- extended problem

- extension problem

- extremal problem
- extremum problem - fair division problem
- feasibility problem

- feasible problem

- feed mix problem

- filtering problem

- finitary problem

- five queens problem

- fixed-charge problem

- flow problem

- forecasting problem

- foreman problem

- gambler ruin problem
- gambling problem - gasoline blending problem
- general problem

- generalized problem

- gold-mining problem

- graph-theoretic problem

- halting problem

- hill-climbing problem

- homogeneity problem

- homogeneous problem

- homotopy problem

- identification problem

- identity problem

- ill-conditioned problem

- ill-defined problem

- ill-posed problem

- ill-structured problem

- improperly posed problem
- incompletely structured problem
- index of problem

- infeasible problem

- inference problem

- infinite medium problem

- infinitesimal problem

- information retrieval problem

- inhomogeneous problem

- initial problem

- initial-value problem

- inner problem

- insoluble problem

- integration problem

- interpolation problem

- intractable problem

- intricate problem

- invariant problem

- inverse problem

- inversion problem

- irregular problem

- isometric problem

- isomorphism problem

- isoperimetric problem

- knapsack problem

- knight problem

- labyrinth problem

- lattice search problem

- linear problem

- loading problem

- location problem

- many-body problem

- map-colouring problem

- map-folding problem

- mass problem

- master problem

- matching problem

- mathematical problem

- maximization problem

- maximum-flow problem

- menage problem

- menu problem

- metrization problem

- minimal length problem

- minimax problem

- minimization problem

- mixed problem

- module problem

- moment problem

- monkey-banana problem

- monotonic problem

- moving boundary problem

- multicriterion problem

- multidecision problem

- multidimensional problem

- multiextremal problem

- multiindex problem

- multiple-integral problem

- multivariate problem

- natural problem

- necklace problem

- needle problem

- nested problem

- network flow problem

- network problem

- newspaper-boy problem

- nondifferentiable problem

- nonhomogeneous problem

- nonlinear problem

- nonlinear programming problem

- nonparametric problem

- nonsequential problem

- nonstationary problem

- nonstochastic problem

- non-uniform problem

- nonwell-posed problem

- normal problem

- normative problem

- number problem

- numerical problem

- observation problem

- occupancy problem

- one-armed bandit problem

- one-dimensional problem

- one-sample problem

- open problem

- optimal assignment problem
- optimal path problem - optimal stopping problem
- optimization problem

- optimum problem

- orderability problem

- original problem

- outer problem

- overspecified problem

- packing problem

- parametric dual problem

- parking problem

- partition problem

- percolation problem

- permutation problem

- personnel-assignment problem

- petrol blending problem

- picnic problem

- plane problem

- Plateau's problem

- polar problem

- polynomial approximation problem
- portfolio selection problem
- positional problem

- postman problem

- power moment problem
- precisely specified problem
- prediction problem

- prefix problem

- prey-predator problem

- primal problem

- probabilistic problem

- problem of allocation

- problem of deadly embrace

- problem of derangements

- problem of eight queens

- problem of elimination

- problem of form equivalence

- problem of interpolating

- problem of interpretation

- problem of inverse probability

- problem of localization

- problem of matching

- problem of projectivity

- problem of reduction

- problem of separability

- problem of six red disks

- problem of solvability

- problem of thirteen spheres

- problem of uniqueness

- problem of warders

- programming problem

- properly posed problem

- purchasing problem

- pursuit problem

- puzzle problem

- pyramided problem

- quadratic programming problem

- quadrature problem

- quasilinear problem

- random-walk problem

- ranking problem

- realizability problem

- recursively enumerable problem
- recursively solvable problem
- reduced problem

- reducibility problem

- reducible problem

- regression problem

- relaxed problem

- rendezvous problem

- representation problem

- resource allocation problem

- restricted problem

- roulette problem

- routine problem

- ruin problem

- saddle point problem

- satisfiability problem

- scheduling problem

- schoolgirls problem

- scope of problem

- search problem

- secretary problem

- self-adjoint problem

- semidefinite problem

- separable problem

- separation problem

- sequencing problem

- sequential decision problem
- sequential decision programming problem - sequential occupancy problem - shortest path problem - shortest route problem
- singular problem

- solvable problem

- special problem

- specialization problem

- spectral problem

- stable marriage problem
- standard control problem
- statistical problem

- stereometric problem

- stiff problem

- stopping problem

- structural problem

- substitution problem

- symmetric problem

- systems analysis problem

- taxicab problem

- tenth problem

- termination problem

- ternary problem

- three body problem
- three houses and three wells problem
- three-choice problem

- three-color problem

- three-dimensional problem

- three-point problem

- timetable problem

- tournament problem

- toymaker problem

- trace problem

- tradeoff problem

- traffic problem

- trajectory problem

- transformed problem

- transport problem

- transportation problem

- transshipment problem

- trasport problem

- travelling salesman problem

- tree-structured problem

- triangulizability problem

- trigonometric moment problem

- trigonometric problem

- trim problem

- two body problem

- two noncharacteristic problem

- two-armed-bandit problem

- two-body problem

- two-choice problem

- two-dimensional problem

- two-means problem

- two-point boundary problem

- two-sample problem

- uncertainty problem

- unconstrained problem

- undecidable problem

- underspecified problem

- unicity problem

- universal problem

- unsolvable problem

- unstable problem

- unstructural problem

- unsymmetric dual problem

- variational problem

- waiting time problem

- warehousing problem

- well-behaved problem

- well-defined problem

- well-formulated problem

- well-set problem

- well-structured problem

- word problem

- worked problem

English-Russian scientific dictionary > problem
8 flight

полет; рейс; перелёт; звено; летательный аппарат ( в полете) ; ркт. стартовый комплекс; лётный; полётный; бортовой

1g flight — прямолинейный горизонтальный полет, полет с единичной перегрузкой, полет без ускорения или торможения

45° climbing inverted flight — набор высоты под углом 45° в перевёрнутом положении

45° climbing knife flight — набор высоты под углом 45° с боковым скольжением, подъём «по лезвию» под углом 45°

45° diving knife flight — пикирование под углом 45° с боковым скольжением, пикирование «по лезвию» под углом 45°

45° sliding flight — набор высоты под углом 45° с боковым скольжением, подъём «по лезвию» под углом 45°

45° sliding flight — пикирование под углом 45° с боковым скольжением, пикирование «по лезвию» под углом 45°

90° climbing flight — вертикальный подъём, отвесный набор высоты

air observation post flight — отряд самолётов-корректировщиков

altitude chamber indoctrination flight — тренировка в барокамере

break up in flight — разрушаться в воздухе [в полете]

continue flight to altitude — продолжать набор высоты

depart from the controlled flight — становиться неуправляемым в полете (о самолёте)

Doppler hold hovering flight — полет на висении со стабилизацией по доплеровскому измерителю скорости сноса

early in the flight — в начале полёта

flight at the controls — полет за рычагами управления (в качестве лётчика, пилотирующего самолёт)

flight in instrument conditions — полет по приборам

flight of the aircraft — звено самолётов или вертолётов

flight on the deck — бреющий полет, полет на предельно малой высоте

long term space flight — длительный космический полет

maximum gross takeoff weight flight — полет с максимальным взлетным весом

operate a scheduled flight — выполнять рейсовый полет

revert to level flight — возвращаться к режиму горизонтального полёта

revert to straight and level flight — возвращаться к прямолинейному горизонтальному полёту

solar escape velocity flight — полет с третьей космической скоростью

special aerial spray flight — специальный авиационный отряд по поливке с воздуха

transit to wingborne flight — переходить (от вертикального) к горизонтальному полёту

— abort the flight

— abortive flight

— accelerated flight

— acrobatic flight

— active flight

— actual flight

— administrative flight

— advertizing flight

— aerial flight

— aerobatic flight

— aerodynamic flight

— altitude flight

— approach flight

— around-the-world flight

— ascending flight

— ascent flight

— astronautic flight

— asymmetric flight

— atmospheric flight

— autorotational flight

— bad-weather flight

— ballistic flight

— bird's nesting flight

— blind flight

— boost glide flight

— boost phase flight

— boosted flight

— box-pattern flight

— bumpy flight

— calibration flight

— captive flight

— cargo flight

— chamber flight

— chapter flight

— chased flight

— check flight

— circular flight

— circular velocity flight

— circumlunar flight

— clean flight

— climbing flight

— coasting flight

— combat flight

— combat-ready flight

— compatibility flight

— constant-altitude flight

— constant-level flight

— contact flight

— continue the flight

— controllable flight

— controlled flight

— controls-fixed flight

— controls-free flight

— conventional flight

— coordinated flight

— coupled flight

— crew check flight

— cross-country flight

— crosswind flight

— cruising flight

— curvilinear flight

— dare flight

— dash flight

— data flight

— day light flight

— decelerating flight

— deep-space flight

— demonstration flight

— depart the flight

— descending flight

— developmental flight

— direct space flight

— discover inflight

— distance flight

— disturbed atmosphere flight

— divert flights

— diving flight

— docked spacecraft flight

— drag-free flight

— drifting flight

— drop flight

— duty battle flight

— earth orbital flight

— earth-escape velocity flight

— earth-orbital velocity flight

— economy-class flight

— endurance flight

— engine development flight

— engineering development flight

— engine-inoperative flight

— engine-off flight

— engine-on flight

— erratic flight

— escape-velocity flight

— exoatmospheric flight

— exploratory flight

— extended flight

— extended inverted flight

— extra-atmospheric flight

— extra-solar-system flight

— extreme-high-altitude flight

— extreme-low-altitude flight

— fam flight

— familiarization flight

— fast flight

— first-class flight

— first-stage flight

— flapping flight

— flat flight

— flight on instruments

— fog-seeding flight

— formation flight

— forward flight

— four-ship flight

— free flight

— free-lance flight

— free-rolling flight

— freighting flight

— full transition flight

— functional check flight

— glide flight

— global flight

— great-circle flight

— guided flight

— hands-off flight

— hazardous flights

— head-down flight

— head-up flight

— hedge-hopping flight

— high Mach flight

— high-altitude flight

— high-angle-of-attack flight

— high-level flight

— high-performance flight

— high-speed flight

— high-subsonic flight

— high-temperature flight

— horizontal flight

— hovering flight

— hypersonic flight

— hypervelocity flight

— IFR flight

— IMC flight

— indoctrination flight

— initial flight

— inspection flight

— instructional flight

— instrument calibration flight

— instrument flight

— intercontinental flight

— intergalactic flight

— interplanetary flight

— interstellar flight

— introduction flight

— introductory flight

— invasion flight

— inverted flight

— jet-borne flight

— jet-control flight

— joint manned flight

— knife edge flight

— knife flight

— level flight

— lighter-than-air flight

— local flight

— long-distance flight

— long-haul flight

— long-range flight

— loose formation flight

— low-altitude flight

— low-level flight

— low-Q flight

— low-speed-handling flight

— lunar orbit flight

— maiden flight

— maintenance test flight

— man-controlled flight

— maneuvering flight

— man-in-space flight

— manned flight

— mass flight

— maximum-power flight

— medium-altitude flight

— medium-level flight

— midcourse flight

— military evaluation flight

— military flights

— moon-landing flight

— motorless flight

— multiorbit flight

— nap-of-the-earth flight

— navigational training flight

— near-hovering flight

— night flight

— night scramble flight

— nolo flight

— noncritical flight

— nondata flight

— nonlevel flight

— nonpowered flight

— nonstabilized flight

— normal flight

— observational flight

— off-airway flight

— once-a-week flight

— one «g» flight

— one-burn flight

— one-power-unit-inoperative flight

— on-the-deck flight

— operational flight

— orbital flight

— orbital rendezvous flight

— orbital training flight

— orbital velocity flight

— out-and-return flight

— out-of-atmosphere flight

— overland flights

— oversea flight

— over-the-top flight

— partially jetborne flight

— passenger flight

— passive flight

— peak-traffic flights

— pending flight

— photographic flight

— photographic reconnaissance flight

— piloted flight

— pilotless flight

— pitch flight

— plan the flight

— point-to-point flight

— positive-g flight

— powered flight

— powerless flight

— power-off flight

— power-on flight

— practice flight

— practicing flight

— premanned flight

— presolo flight

— pressure suit flight

— pressurized cabin flight

— production test flight

— proficiency check flight

— proficiency flight

— programed flight

— prolonged flight

— propaganda flight

— propelled flight

— prototype first flight

— proving flight

— pullover flight

— q flight

— qualification flight

— quasisatellite flight

— radar evaluation flight

— radio-controlled flight

— reaction-control data flight

— reckless flight

— record-setting flight

— recovery flight

— rectilinear flight

— reentry flight

— refueling flight

— release for flight

— remote-controlled flight

— rendezvous flight

— return flight

— rhumb-line flight

— rocket flight

— rocket-beit flight

— rocket-boosted flight

— rocket-powered flight

— rolling flight

— rotary-wing flight

— rough-air flight

— round-robin flight

— round-the-world flight

— round-trip flight

— route flight

— route proving flight

— routine flight

— satellite flight

— scheduled flights

— scouting flight

— second-class flight

— second-stage flight

— separate flight

— shakedown flight

— short flight

— sideward flight

— sideways flight

— sightseeing flight

— single engine flight

— single-heading flight

— single-orbit flight

— six-plane flight

— slow flight

— smooth flight

— solo flight

— sonic flight

— space flight

— spacecraft group flight

— space-equivalent flight

— special VFR flight

— special-mission flight

— speed-record flight

— sporting flight

— stabilized flight

— steady flight

— steady-yaw flight

— stick-fixed flight

— STOL flight

— straight flight

— suborbital flight

— subsonic flight

— successful data flight

— supersonic flight

— supine-position flight

— sustain level flight

— symmetrkal flight

— tail wind flight

— terminal flight

— terminate the flight

— terrain-following flight

— terrestrial flight

— test flight

— third-stage flight

— three-burn flight

— through flight

— thrust supported flight

— tight formation flight

— total instrument flight

— towed flight

— towing flight

— training flight

— transatlantic flight

— transcontinental flight

— transient flight

— transition flight

— translation flight

— transonic flight

— transpacific flight

— transpolar flight

— transport flight

— tree-top flight

— triangular flight

— trimmed-out flight

— trouble-free flight

— tumbling flight

— turbine flight

— turnaround flight

— turning flight

— twice-weekly flights

— twin flight

— two-burn flight

— two-ship flight

— unaccelerated flight

— unassisted flight

— uncontrolled flight

— under-the-clouds flight

— unescorted flight

— unmanned reconnaissance flight

— unpowered flight

— unscheduled flight

— unstalled flight

— unsymmetrical flight

— upper-air flight

— upper-atmosphere exploratory flight

— upside-down flight

— upsun flight

— upward flight

— vectored flight

— VFR flight

— visual flight

— VMC flight

— VTOL flight

— warm-up flight

— weather flight

— weather observation flight

— weightless flight

— wing supported flight

— wing-down flight

— wingfolded flight

— wingless flight

— wings-level flight

— world flight

— yawed flight

— zero-gravity flight

— zoom flight

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > flight
9 section

1) сечение; разрез; профиль

2) секция; зона

3) отрезок; участок

4) срез; шлиф; микрошлиф

5) отдел; отделение; производственный участок

6) сортовой металл, профиль

7) (непрерывно-литая) заготовка

8) амер. участок земли площадью 2,59 кв. км

9) район; квартал ( города)

10) ж.-д. путевой участок

11) мор. теоретический шпангоут

12) купе ( спального вагона)

13) полигр. сфальцованный лист, тетрадь

14) раздел (книги, документа)

15) текст. сновальная лента

•

to pass section — проводить сечение

-
acoustic impedance section
-
ahead section
-
aileron section
-
air reservoir section
-
angle section
-
antenna section
-
apparent resistivity section
-
approach section
-
arched section
-
arithmetic section
-
aseptic section
-
assembly section
-
axial section
-
ballast section
-
bar rectangular section
-
barrel section
-
bar-round section
-
baseband switching section
-
bend section
-
bleeding section
-
block section
-
boiling section
-
borehole section
-
borehole tight section
-
box-like section
-
box section
-
building-out section
-
builtup section
-
bus section
-
by-product section
-
can body-forming section
-
can ends-making section
-
canal section
-
canalized section
-
capacitor section
-
cased borehole section
-
cast section
-
center wing section
-
channel section
-
coil section
-
combustion section
-
common-depth-point section
-
complete transposition section
-
composite section
-
concrete-lined section
-
condensing unit section
-
conic section
-
control section
-
converging section
-
converter section
-
cooling section
-
corner section
-
critical section
-
cross section
-
cubing and pelleting section
-
curved section
-
cut-and-fill section
-
cut-to-length sections
-
dangerous section
-
dead section
-
deep-freeze section
-
depth section
-
design section
-
development section
-
die-rolled section
-
diverging section
-
drying section
-
dummy section
-
effective section
-
electrolytic section
-
embanked section
-
entry section
-
evaporator section
-
exhausting section
-
extruded section
-
fabricated section
-
fairway section
-
feedback section
-
filter section
-
finished section
-
finishing section
-
fixed section
-
flared section
-
flash section
-
flat section
-
flexible section
-
flood section
-
formed section
-
fracture section
-
fragmentary section
-
fuel section
-
full-fashioned outerwear section
-
fuselage mid section
-
generator section
-
geoelectric section
-
geological section
-
geologic section
-
gilling section
-
golden section
-
grain-cleaning section
-
grain-storage section
-
grip section
-
gross section
-
H section
-
half-wave section
-
head section
-
heavy section
-
hinged section
-
horizontal section
-
hydraulic section
-
hydrologic section
-
I section
-
ice freezing section
-
initial separation section
-
insulated point section
-
insulated track section
-
invaded section
-
irregular section
-
jet section
-
journal section
-
lateral section
-
lattice section
-
level section
-
light section
-
liquid collection section
-
lithologic section
-
locked section
-
locked-in section
-
logged section
-
logical section
-
logic section
-
longitudinal section
-
lower spray sections
-
machining section
-
marking-out section
-
matching section
-
measuring section
-
medium section
-
metallographic section
-
midlength section
-
midstation section
-
milling section
-
mine section
-
mist extraction section
-
multiplier section
-
net section
-
neutral section
-
normal section
-
nose section
-
nozzle section
-
oblique section
-
operational section
-
operation section
-
overhead line section
-
overlapping section
-
packing section
-
partial section
-
parting off section
-
path section
-
patterned section
-
pay section
-
perforation section
-
phasing section
-
pipeline section
-
pivot section
-
point section
-
poison section
-
polished section
-
preset tooling section
-
process section
-
processing section
-
program section
-
pseudodepth section
-
pull-off section
-
pull-on section
-
quarter-wave section
-
radiant section
-
record section
-
rectifying section
-
refinery section
-
reflection section
-
refraction section
-
refrigerating section
-
regulator section
-
released section
-
resistivity pseudodepth section
-
resistivity section
-
rheostat section
-
right section
-
rinsing section
-
riser section
-
river section
-
riveted section
-
rolled section
-
rolling section
-
rough section
-
route section
-
ruling section
-
section of groove
-
section of soil
-
section of winding
-
seismic section
-
seismogram section
-
semifinished section
-
serial section
-
settling section
-
short-trace section
-
slender section
-
soaking section
-
solid-drawn section
-
spur section
-
square section
-
stackable lift-offroof section
-
stacked seismic section
-
station section
-
steaming section
-
strata section
-
stripping section
-
switch section
-
T section
-
tail section
-
tank shell section
-
tapered section
-
taper section
-
time section
-
topographic section
-
track section
-
transposition section
-
transverse section
-
trimming section
-
turntable section
-
uncased borehole section
-
unfinished section
-
uniform section
-
universal column section
-
unoccupied section
-
upper spray sections
-
valve section
-
variable-area record section
-
variable-density record section
-
vertical section
-
waist section
-
water section of canal
-
waveguide section
-
welded section
-
well section
-
wetted section
-
winding section
-
wire-mesh sections
-
Z-piling section

Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > section
10 position

положение; место ЛА; рабочее место ( члена экипажа) ; позиция; устанавливать в ( требуемое) положение

1/2 position — положение, соответствующее выпуску закрылков наполовину

20-deg. sweep position — положение (крыла) с углом стреловидности 20°

actual dead reckoning position — действительные координаты счислимой точки (в отличие от приближенных)

actual position of the aircraft — фактическое место самолёта

air inlet spike position — положение «иглы» [конуса] воздухозаборника

air intake spike position — положение «иглы» [конуса] воздухозаборника

align in takeoff position — устанавливать (самолёт) в положение для взлета

assume the ejection position — принимать положение для катапультирования

bring back to the idle position — возвращать в положение малого газа (о дроссельном рычаге)

feel device no-load position — положение автомата загрузки, соответствующее нулевому усилию на рычагах управления, сбалансированное положение автомата загрузки

flip to inverted position — мгновенно переворачиваться «на спину» (о самолёте)

full swept back position — положение максимальной стреловидности (крыла изменяемой геометрии)

go to the down position — выпускаться (о шасси)

go to the up position — убираться (о шасси)

hold in the central position — удерживать (рули) в нейтрали [в нейтральном положении]

in a 60-deg. reclining position — в отклонённом назад под углом 60° положении (о лётчике)

in the No 2 engine position — на месте двигателя № 2

minimum afterburner throttle position — положение РУД, соответствующее минимальной форсажной тяге

neutral longitudinal trim position — продольно сбалансированное положение ЛА

position position of minimum reception — положение минимального приёма (приёма сигналов с наименьшей слышимостью)

primary flight instrument positions — места расположения [позиции] основных пилотажных приборов

— advance a position

— aerial position

— aerodynamic center position

— afterburner position

— aileron position

— air position

— air refueling position

— air start position

— airbrake position

— aircrew positions

— approach position

— assumed position

— astronaut rest position

— astronomical position

— at-rest position

— attack position

— azimuthal position

— back stick position

— banked position

— blade azimuthal position

— bleed door position

— boundary-layer transition position

— braking-pitch position

— calculated position

— captain's position

— carriage position

— center position

— center-of-gravity position

— choke position

— chord position

— chordwise position

— clean position

— clock code position

— coarse alignment position

— coarse-pitch position

— computed ground position

— contact position

— control stick position

— controlled position

— control-surface position

— cowl flaps position

— crew positions

— cross feed position

— cruise position

— datum position

— dead-reckoning position

— deorbit position

— deployed position

— detented position

— deyaw position

— DLC position

— dorsal position

— down position

— downwind position

— ejection position

— ejector position

— elevation position

— elevator position

— elevator trim position

— elevon position

— engage position

— en-route position

— equilibrium position

— erected position

— estimated position

— extended position

— external position

— failure position

— faired position

— feathered position

— feathering position

— firing position

— fixed position

— flap position

— flight position

— flying position

— formation position

— forward position

— forward stick position

— full airbrakes position

— full back position

— full flap position

— full-aft swept position

— full-down position

— full-in position

— full-out position

— full-over position

— full-trail position

— full-up position

— fully-advanced position

— fully-deflected position

— future position

— future target position

— gate position

— geographical position

— ground position

— half-travel position

— head-down position

— head-up position

— heliocentric position

— hold a position

— hold position

— horizontal position

— horizontal thrust position

— hover position

— Incidence position

— inertially determined position

— in-flight position

— initial position

— injection position

— inverted position

— jetpipe-nozzle position

— key position

— landing position

— landing-gear position

— latched position

— launcher position

— launching position

— lead position

— leading-edge flap position

— leading-edge slat position

— low tailplane position

— lowered position

— lying position

— maximum afterburner position

— maximum thickness position

— mean position

— midship position

— mid-upper position

— minimum afterburner position

— minimum throttle position

— missile position

— most probable position

— move into position

— navigation position

— near-stall position

— neutral position

— neutral-point position

— no-load position

— non-afterburning position

— nose heavy position

— nose-low position

— no-wind position

— nozzle-door position

— null position

— oblique position

— o'clock position

— off-center position

— on beam position

— operating position

— operational position

— operative position

— oversweep position

— parking position

— partial reverse position

— perch position

— piloting position

— pitch position

— plot a position

— polar coordinate position

— position of touchdown

— precalculated position

— precontact position

— predicted position

— pre-ejection position

— prelaunch position

— present position

— pretouchdown position

— prone position

— pro-spin position

— protective position

— readiness position

— ready position

— reentry position

— refueling position

— relative altitude position

— relative position

— release position

— request a position

— retracted position

— rigging position

— right way-up position

— roll position

— rudder position

— run-up position

— runway takeoff position

— safe landing position

— seated position

— semi-supine position

— shoulder position

— sitting position

— space position

— spanwise position

— spatial position

— spike position

— spoiler position

— stable equilibrium position

— stand-by position

— static position

— stellar position

— stepped-lying position

— stick position

— stop position

— stowed position

— streamline position

— supine position

— surface position

— sweep position

— swept back position

— tail heavy position

— takeoff flap position

— takeoff position

— takeoff trim position

— tangential position

— taxi holding position

— test mask position

— three-point position

— throttle-lever position

— trailed position

— trailing-edge flap position

— transition-point position

— trim-tab position

— trlmmed position

— undercarriage position

— undisturbed position

— unstable equilibrium position

— unswept position

— up position

— upright position

— upside-down position

— upwind position

— vertical thrust position

— visual-aiming position

— vortex position

— vortex-breakdown position

— wing position

— wing-flap position

— yaw position

— zero position

— zero reference position

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > position
11 position

1) позиция; место; положение; местоположение; расположение || располагать; размещать; устанавливать в заданное положение; позиционировать; определять [фиксировать\] местоположение

2) координата || устанавливать на заданную координату

3) разряд ( числа); место цифры

•

to anchor in position — зафиксировать в позиции (напр. деталь на столе)

position up — рабочее состояние позиции

-
fuel-on position
-
full-on position
-
hold-in position
-
active position
-
actual position
-
actuating position
-
aircraft alert position
-
at-rest position
-
attitude position
-
beacon position
-
beginning position
-
bit position
-
blade float position
-
blade lower position
-
blade raise position
-
blade tilt position
-
blowing position
-
bottle-up position
-
braking position
-
carousel positions
-
center valve position
-
character position
-
charging position
-
code position
-
collapsed position
-
commanded drive position
-
commentator's position
-
computed grasp position
-
contact alignment position
-
continuous-path position
-
coordinate position
-
cursor home position
-
danger position
-
datum position
-
dead-center position
-
decimal position
-
design position
-
die position
-
digging position
-
digit position
-
docked position
-
drilling position
-
end position
-
extreme position
-
eye position
-
feed position
-
field transit position
-
final position
-
first position
-
flap approach position
-
flap en-route position
-
flap landing position
-
fouling position
-
grasping position
-
grinding position
-
grind position
-
half engine speed position
-
high-order position
-
home position
-
horizontal position
-
in-between position
-
initial position
-
initial setup position
-
inoperative position
-
instantaneous position
-
intermediate position
-
isolated position
-
jaw-loading position
-
knit selection position
-
level position
-
load/unload position
-
low-order position
-
manual-off position
-
manual-on position
-
miss selection position
-
neutral position
-
nominal position
-
nonknit position
-
nonoperating position
-
nonraised position
-
normal valve position
-
ocean transit position
-
off position
-
offset valve position
-
open flow valve position
-
open position
-
operating position
-
optimum feed position
-
overflew position
-
over-the-road position
-
parked position
-
park position
-
pick-out position
-
pick-up position
-
point position
-
position of extremum
-
position of game
-
prearranged position
-
prepulse position
-
programmed approach position
-
punching position
-
quench position
-
ready position
-
ready-to-work position
-
reference position
-
refining position
-
release position
-
reoriented position
-
rest position
-
retarder position
-
retracted position
-
reverse position
-
ring stable position
-
robot's position
-
rotational position
-
run-in position
-
running position
-
runout position
-
sate position
-
semisubmerged position
-
sign position
-
significant position
-
sit-on-bottom position
-
spinning position
-
standard position
-
starting position
-
start position
-
stationary position
-
storage position
-
stowed position
-
subreference position
-
tachograph second man position
-
takeoff position
-
tapping position
-
target position
-
taxi-holding position
-
tool releasing position
-
tool-change position
-
tool-gripping position
-
tool's position
-
tool-tip position
-
transfer selection position
-
tuck selection position
-
undocked position
-
unknown position
-
unlock position
-
vertical position
-
welt selection position
-
workpiece feed position
-
zero position

Англо-русский словарь технических терминов > position
12 instrument approach procedure

instrument approach procedure; IAP

A series of predetermined manoeuvres by reference to flight instruments with specified protection from obstacles from the initial approach fix, or where applicable, from the beginning of a defined arrival route to a point from which a landing can be completed and thereafter, if a landing is not completed, to a position at which holding or en-route obstacle clearance criteria apply. Instrument approach procedures are classified as follows:

Non-precision approach (NPA) procedure. An instrument approach procedure which utilizes lateral guidance but does not utilize vertical guidance.

Approach procedure with vertical guidance (APV). An instrument procedure which utilizes lateral and vertical guidance but does not meet the requirements established for precision approach and landing operations.

Precision approach (PA) procedure. An instrument approach procedure using precision lateral and vertical guidance with minima as determined by the category of operation.

Note.— Lateral and vertical guidance refers to the guidance provided either by:

a) a ground-based navigation aid; or

b) computer-generated navigation data.

(AN 2; AN 4; PANS-OPS/I; PANS-OPS/II)

Official definition modified by Amdt 13 (25/11/2004) to PANS-OPS/I.

схема захода на посадку по приборам; IAP

Серия заранее намеченных манёвров, выполняемых по пилотажным приборам, при соблюдении установленных требований, предусматривающих предотвращение столкновения с препятствиями, от контрольной точки начального захода на посадку или, в соответствующих случаях, от начала установленного маршрута прибытия до точки, откуда может быть выполнена посадка, а если посадка не выполнена, то до точки, от которой применяются критерии пролёта препятствий в зоне ожидания или на маршруте. Схемы захода на посадку по приборам классифицируются следующим образом:

Схема неточного захода на посадку (NPA). Схема захода на посадку по приборам с использованием бокового наведения, но без использования вертикального наведения.

Схема захода на посадку с вертикальным наведением (APV). Схема захода на посадку по приборам с использованием бокового и вертикального наведения, но не отвечающая требованиям, установленным для точных заходов на посадку и посадок.

Схема точного захода на посадку (РА). Схема захода на посадку по приборам с использованием точного бокового и вертикального наведения при минимумах, определяемых категорией захода на посадку.

Примечание. Боковое и вертикальное наведение представляет собой наведение, обеспечиваемое с помощью либо:

a) наземного навигационного средства, либо

b) выдаваемой компьютером базы навигационных данных.

International Civil Aviation Vocabulary (English-Russian) > instrument approach procedure
13 IAP

instrument approach procedure; IAP

A series of predetermined manoeuvres by reference to flight instruments with specified protection from obstacles from the initial approach fix, or where applicable, from the beginning of a defined arrival route to a point from which a landing can be completed and thereafter, if a landing is not completed, to a position at which holding or en-route obstacle clearance criteria apply. Instrument approach procedures are classified as follows:

Non-precision approach (NPA) procedure. An instrument approach procedure which utilizes lateral guidance but does not utilize vertical guidance.

Approach procedure with vertical guidance (APV). An instrument procedure which utilizes lateral and vertical guidance but does not meet the requirements established for precision approach and landing operations.

Precision approach (PA) procedure. An instrument approach procedure using precision lateral and vertical guidance with minima as determined by the category of operation.

Note.— Lateral and vertical guidance refers to the guidance provided either by:

a) a ground-based navigation aid; or

b) computer-generated navigation data.

(AN 2; AN 4; PANS-OPS/I; PANS-OPS/II)

Official definition modified by Amdt 13 (25/11/2004) to PANS-OPS/I.

схема захода на посадку по приборам; IAP

Серия заранее намеченных манёвров, выполняемых по пилотажным приборам, при соблюдении установленных требований, предусматривающих предотвращение столкновения с препятствиями, от контрольной точки начального захода на посадку или, в соответствующих случаях, от начала установленного маршрута прибытия до точки, откуда может быть выполнена посадка, а если посадка не выполнена, то до точки, от которой применяются критерии пролёта препятствий в зоне ожидания или на маршруте. Схемы захода на посадку по приборам классифицируются следующим образом:

Схема неточного захода на посадку (NPA). Схема захода на посадку по приборам с использованием бокового наведения, но без использования вертикального наведения.

Схема захода на посадку с вертикальным наведением (APV). Схема захода на посадку по приборам с использованием бокового и вертикального наведения, но не отвечающая требованиям, установленным для точных заходов на посадку и посадок.

Схема точного захода на посадку (РА). Схема захода на посадку по приборам с использованием точного бокового и вертикального наведения при минимумах, определяемых категорией захода на посадку.

Примечание. Боковое и вертикальное наведение представляет собой наведение, обеспечиваемое с помощью либо:

a) наземного навигационного средства, либо

b) выдаваемой компьютером базы навигационных данных.

International Civil Aviation Vocabulary (English-Russian) > IAP
14 reconnaissance

разведка; рекогносцировка

deep reconnaissance (of the battlefield) — дальняя тактическая разведка; глубинная разведка

— active reconnaissance

— aerial combat reconnaissance

— aerial imagery reconnaissance

— aerial reconnaissance

— aggressive reconnaissance

— air cavalry reconnaissance

— air combat reconnaissance

— air photographic reconnaissance

— air radiation reconnaissance

— air reconnaissance in force

— airborne electronic reconnaissance

— airborne marine reconnaissance

— airborne reconnaissance

— airmobile reconnaissance

— amphibious reconnaissance

— anticipatory reconnaissance

— area reconnaissance

— armed reconnaissance

— armored reconnaissance

— arrange for reconnaissance

— artillery reconnaissance

— atomic demolition munitions reconnaissance

— bacteriological warfare reconnaissance

— battlefield reconnaissance

— beach reconnaissance

— biological reconnaissance

— chemical reconnaissance

— clandestine reconnaissance

— close range reconnaissance

— combat engineer reconnaissance

— combat reconnaissance

— command reconnaissance

— communications reconnaissance

— conduct reconnaissance

— contact air engineer reconnaissance

— contact reconnaissance

— continuous strip photographic reconnaissance

— counterradar reconnaissance

— day reconnaissance

— day/night IR reconnaissance

— dead area reconnaissance

— deep post-assault reconnaissance

— deny reconnaissance

— direct reconnaissance

— dismounted reconnaissance

— ECM reconnaissance

— electronic reconnaissance

— employment reconnaissance

— engineer bridge reconnaissance

— engineer reconnaissance

— execute reconnaissance

— explosive ordnance reconnaissance

— extended reconnaissance

— field reconnaissance

— fighting reconnaissance

— firing reconnaissance

— flank reconnaissance

— flash reconnaissance

— forward reconnaissance

— general reconnaissance

— ground reconnaissance

— ground target radar reconnaissance

— hasty reconnaissance

— heat reconnaissance

— helicopter reconnaissance

— high-altitude reconnaissance

— high-level reconnaissance

— high-orbit satellite reconnaissance

— hydroacoustic reconnaissance

— hydrometeorological reconnaissance

— immediate transmission capability satellite reconnaissance

— initial reconnaissance

— in-shore target ship reconnaissance

— IR reconnaissance

— landing craft swimmer reconnaissance

— laser night photographic reconnaissance

— laser reconnaissance

— lay on reconnaissance

— leader's reconnaissance

— local protective reconnaissance

— logistical reconnaissance

— long-range reconnaissance

— low-altitude reconnaissance

— low-level reconnaissance

— magnetic detection reconnaissance

— magnetometric surveillance reconnaissance

— major reconnaissance

— manned reconnaissance

— map reconnaissance

— map substitute reconnaissance

— march reconnaissance

— maritime reconnaissance

— medical reconnaissance

— medium reconnaissance

— meteorological reconnaissance

— mine reconnaissance

— minefield reconnaissance

— mounted reconnaissance

— multisensor imagery reconnaissance

— naval reconnaissance

— near-real time reconnaissance

— night reconnaissance

— night vision reconnaissance

— nonvisual reconnaissance

— nuclear reconnaissance

— nuclear weapon radiometric reconnaissance

— offensive reconnaissance

— on-site reconnaissance

— on-the-ground reconnaissance

— operational reconnaissance

— opposed reconnaissance

— overflight surveillance battlefield reconnaissance

— overhead reconnaissance

— parallel surveillance battlefield reconnaissance

— passive electronic reconnaissance

— perform reconnaissance forward

— personal reconnaissance

— photographic reconnaissance

— physical reconnaissance

— poststrike air reconnaissance

— pre-D-day reconnaissance

— preliminary reconnaissance

— prestrike air reconnaissance

— prior reconnaissance

— protective reconnaissance

— push reconnaissance

— quick-strike reconnaissance

— radar reconnaissance

— radiation reconnaissance

— radio vision reconnaissance

— radioheat reconnaissance

— radiological reconnaissance

— radiometric reconnaissance

— real time reconnaissance

— reconnaissance by fire

— reconnaissance for positions

— reconnaissance from the air

— reconnaissance from the ground

— reconnaissance in force

— reconnaissance in person

— reconnaissance in strength

— reconnaissance of nuclear weapon delivery system sites

— remote ground reconnaissance

— road reconnaissance

— route reconnaissance

— satellite reconnaissance

— seaborne reconnaissance

— security reconnaissance

— separation reconnaissance

— ship reconnaissance

— shore reconnaissance

— side-looking aircraft radar reconnaissance

— signal reconnaissance

— site reconnaissance

— space reconnaissance

— spectral TV reconnaissance

— spectrum photographic reconnaissance

— step up reconnaissance

— strategic reconnaissance

— supplemental reconnaissance

— surveillance reconnaissance

— swimming reconnaissance

— tactical electronic reconnaissance

— tactical reconnaissance

— target reconnaissance

— technical reconnaissance

— telemetric reconnaissance

— terrain heat reconnaissance

— terrain reconnaissance

— terrain thermal reconnaissance

— topographic reconnaissance

— traffic reconnaissance

— TV reconnaissance

— underwater crossing site reconnaissance

— underwater reconnaissance

— unexploded bomb reconnaissance

— unmanned reconnaissance

— videotaping reconnaissance

— visual and sensor reconnaissance

— visual reconnaissance

— water obstacle reconnaissance

— water point reconnaissance

— water supply reconnaissance

— weather reconnaissance

— xerox reconnaissance

— zone reconnaissance

* * *

• разведка

• разведывательный

English-Russian military dictionary > reconnaissance
15 visual approach procedure

visual approach procedure

A series of predetermined manoeuvres by visual reference, from the initial approach fix, or where applicable, from the beginning of a defined arrival route to a point from which a landing can be completed and thereafter, if a landing is not completed, a go-around procedure can be carried-out.

(AN 4)

Official definition added to An 4 by Amdt 53 (25/11/2004).

схема визуального захода на посадку

Серия заранее намеченных манёвров, выполняемых по визуальным ориентирам, от контрольной точки начального этапа захода на посадку или, в соответствующих случаях, от начала установленного маршрута прибытия до точки, с которой может быть выполнена посадка и после которой, если посадка не выполнена, может быть выполнена схема ухода на второй круг.

International Civil Aviation Vocabulary (English-Russian) > visual approach procedure
16 concrete

1) бетон

2) окраска бетона

3) бетонный

4) бетонировать; сращивать

5) конкретный; определённый

•

concrete with entrained air — бетон с вовлечённым воздухом

concrete with honeycombed spots — раковистый бетон

to autoclave concrete — обрабатывать бетон в автоклаве

to bloat concrete — вспучивать бетон

to bond fresh concrete to the hardened concrete — сопрягать ранее уложенный бетон с новым

to cast reinforced concrete in situ — изготавливать железобетон на месте

to compact concrete by vacuum — вакуумиривать бетон

to compact concrete by vibration — виброуплотнять бетон

to congest concrete with reinforcement — насыщать бетон арматурой

to consolidate concrete by vacuum — вакуумиривать бетон

to consolidate concrete by vibration — виброуплотнять бетон

to consolidate concrete — уплотнять бетон

to convey concrete to the point of placement — подавать бетон к месту укладки

to consolidate concrete by hand — уплотнять бетон вручную

to cure concrete — выдерживать бетон

to demould concrete — снимать форму с бетона

to design a concrete mixture — проектировать состав бетона

to expose concrete to sea water — подвергнуть бетон действию морской воды

to float concrete — заглаживать бетон ( с помощью гладилки)

to foam concrete — вспенивать бетон

to lay concrete in alternate bay — укладывать бетонное покрытие "через плиту" ( дорожное строительство)

to let into concrete — забетонировать; заделать в бетон

to mix concrete "en route" — перемешивать бетон в пути ( в автобетономешалке)

to mix concrete on the job — приготавливать бетон на стройплощадке

to place concrete — укладывать бетон

to place concrete against forms — укладывать бетон в опалубку

to precast reinforced concrete — предварительно изготавливать железобетон

to prestress reinforced concrete by post-tensioning — предварительно напрягать железобетон натяжением на упоры

to reinforce concrete — армировать бетон

to screed concrete — разравнивать бетон

to steam-cure concrete — пропаривать бетон

to strike off excess concrete — снимать излишки с бетона

to transfer stress from the reinforcing steel to the concrete — обжимать бетон при предварительном напряжении в изделии

to strike off surplus concrete — снимать, срезать излишки бетона

to strike off excess concrete — снимать, срезать излишки бетона

to trowel concrete — заглаживать бетон ( с помощью тёрки)

to waterproof concrete — придать бетону водонепроницаемость

- concrete of one consistency
- concrete of stiff consistency - above-water concrete - acid-resisting concrete - adjustment of concrete mixture - aerated concrete - ageing of concrete - agglomerate-foam concrete - air-entrained concrete - air-entraining concrete - air-entrapped concrete - air-hardening of concrete - airfree concrete - air-placed concrete - airtight concrete - antiseptic concrete - application of concrete mixture - architectural concrete - architectural exposed concrete - armoured concrete - articulated concrete - asbestos-foamed concrete - as cast concrete - ash concrete - asphalt concrete - asphaltic concrete - asphaltic-cement concrete - as-placed concrete - autoclaved concrete - autoclaved cellular concrete - awakened concrete - balancing of proposed concrete mix - arrangement of steel in reinforced concrete - ballast concrete - batching of concrete mix - batching of concrete mix by volume - batching of concrete mix by weight - belt-conveyed concrete - biological shielding concrete - bituminous concrete - bituminous concrete pavement - bleeding of concrete - blown-out concrete - bonded to the steel concrete - booted concrete - breakdown test for concrete sample - breeze concrete - broken concrete - build concrete - buried concrete - bush-hammered concrete - cassie concrete - cast concrete - cast-in-place concrete - cast-in-situ concrete - cell concrete - cellular concrete - cement concrete - cement concrete pavement - central-mixed concrete - ceramsite concrete - cinder concrete - close-up failures in concrete structure - coarse concrete - coarseness of concrete mixture grading - cinder cement concrete - coke cement concrete - cold weather concrete - colloidal concrete - coloured concrete - compacted concrete - continuous concrete - controlled-quality concrete - copper-bearing concrete - corrosion-damaged concrete - crack safety of reinforced concrete elements - crazed concrete - crushed concrete - crushed-stone concrete - cured concrete - curing of concrete by ponding - curing of concrete units - curing of test concrete specimens - custom concrete - dead load of concrete structure - de-aerated concrete - deformation of concrete mix - delayed-setting concrete - dense concrete - dense ballast concrete - deposing of concrete - dry-mix concrete - dry concrete - early-strength concrete - earth concrete - electrically conductive concrete - epoxy concrete - excess concrete - expansive concrete - exposed concrete - extra-heavy concrete - fast-hardening concrete - fat concrete - faulty concrete - fibrous concrete - field concrete - fine concrete - finished concrete - floated concrete - floating concrete mixture plant - fluating of concrete - fluid concrete - fly-ash concrete - foam concrete - folding concrete form - fresh concrete - fully consolidated concrete - gas concrete - glass concrete - glass-fibre reinforced concrete - granite concrete - gravel concrete - gravel-aggregated concrete - green concrete - grouted-aggregate concrete - guss concrete - hand-compacted concrete - gypsum concrete - gypsum fibre concrete - hard concrete - hard rock concrete - hardened concrete - hardening of concrete - harsh concrete - haydite concrete - hearting concrete - heat-insulating concrete - heat-resistant concrete - heavy concrete - high-slump concrete - high-strength concrete - hollow concrete - homogeneous concrete - honeycombing concrete - hooped concrete - hot-laid asphaltic concrete - hydraulic concrete - ingredients of concrete - in-situ concrete - integral waterproofing of concrete - iron-shot concrete - job-mixed concrete - job-placed concrete - jonquil concrete - lean concrete - light aggregate concrete - lightweight concrete - lightweight aggregate concrete - lilac concrete - lime concrete - liquid concrete - liquid glass concrete - loose concrete - low-porosity concrete - low-slump concrete - machine-mixed concrete - marine concrete - mass concrete - mushy consistency of concrete - nailable concrete - nailing concrete - normal concrete - normal heavy concrete - no-slump concrete - off-formwork concrete - ordinary dense concrete - overnight concrete - oversite concrete - pavement concrete - placeability of concrete - placement of concrete - plain concrete - polymer concrete - polypropylene-fibre reinforced concrete - polystyrene-foam concrete - poor concrete - poor-quality concrete - popcorn concrete - porous concrete - portland-cement concrete - portland-pozzolana concrete - poured-in-place concrete - post-stressed concrete - post-tensioned concrete - precast concrete - precast structural concrete - prepacked aggregate concrete - pressed concrete - prestressed concrete - prestressed concrete with anchor loops - prestressed concrete with anchor plates - pumice concrete - pump concrete - quality concrete - rammed concrete - reactive aggregate concrete - ready-mix concrete - ready-mixed concrete - refractory concrete - reinforced concrete - rich concrete - roller compacted concrete - rough concrete - rubble concrete - sample of concrete - sand and gravel concrete - sand-cinder concrete - sandwich concrete - sawdust concrete - segregated concrete - segregating concrete - self-stressed concrete - setting of concrete - site concrete - slag concrete - slag-foam concrete - slow-setting concrete - spread concrete - spreaded concrete - spun concrete - stamped concrete - steam-cured concrete - steamed concrete - steel concrete - steel-fibre reinforced concrete - stiff concrete - stone concrete - structural concrete - stuck concrete - subaqueous concrete - substandard concrete - sulphur concrete - sulphur modified concrete - tamped concrete - tar concrete - terazzo concrete - transit-mix concrete - transit-mixed concrete - tremie concrete - ultra-high-strength concrete - undersanded concrete - underwater concrete - unworkable concrete - vacuum concrete - vacuum-treated concrete - vermiculite concrete - water-cured concrete - waterproof concrete - watertight concrete - weather resistant concrete - wet concrete - wood-fibre concrete - workability of concrete - workable concrete
* * *

бетон; бетонная смесь || бетонировать

concrete around reinforcing steel — бетон в зоне [между стержнями] арматуры

concrete compacted by jolting — бетонная смесь, уплотнённая ударным методом [трамбованием]

concrete cured at 20°C — бетон, выдерживаемый при температуре 20°C

concrete cured at elevated temperatures — бетон, выдержанный [отвердевший] в условиях повышенных температур

concrete in mass — массивный бетон, бетон, уложенный в большой массив

concrete in the structure — бетон в теле конструкции [сооружения] ( в отличие от бетона в контрольных образцах)

concrete placed in lifts — бетон, укладываемый слоями [послойно]

concrete placed in the work — бетон, уложенный в конструкцию

concrete strong enough to support its own weight — бетон, достигший прочности, достаточной для восприятия собственного веса

concrete strong enough to support superimposed loads — бетон, достигший прочности, позволяющей воспринимать приложенные [временные] нагрузки

concrete with a high cement factor — бетонная смесь с большим содержанием цемента, жирная бетонная смесь
- concrete of inadequate quality
- concrete of the required quality
- abrasion-resistant concrete
- acid-resisting concrete
- acrylic concrete
- aerated concrete
- air-entrained concrete
- air entrapped concrete
- air-placed concrete
- air-tight concrete
- alkali-resistant glass grain-reinforced concrete
- all-lightweight-aggregate concrete
- architectural concrete
- architectural exposed concrete
- architectural precast concrete
- asbestos foamed concrete
- as-mixed concrete
- asphaltic concrete
- asphalt concrete
- as-placed concrete
- autoclaved concrete
- backfill concrete
- basalt chippings concrete
- base course concrete
- base concrete
- belt-conveyed concrete
- biological shielding concrete
- bitumen concrete
- black concrete
- blended cement concrete
- blinding concrete
- board-finished concrete
- board marked concrete
- breeze concrete
- brick-look concrete
- brushed concrete
- bulk concrete
- bush hammered concrete
- calcium silicate concrete
- cast-in-place concrete
- cellular concrete
- cement concrete
- centrifugally cast concrete
- chloride-contaminated concrete
- cinder concrete
- clay concrete
- coarse-graded asphaltic concrete
- coarse asphaltic concrete
- coarse-graded asphalt concrete
- coarse asphalt concrete
- cold-laid asphaltic concrete
- cold asphaltic concrete
- cold-laid asphalt concrete
- cold asphalt concrete
- colloidal concrete
- colored concrete
- compacted concrete
- composite reinforced concrete
- constructional concrete
- continuously reinforced concrete
- conventional concrete
- corrosion-damaged concrete
- crushed concrete
- crushed brick concrete
- cryogenic concrete
- cured concrete
- custom concrete
- cyclopean concrete
- dense concrete
- densit concrete
- dingy concrete
- disintegrated concrete
- doubly prestressed concrete
- doubly reinforced concrete
- dry concrete
- dry mixture concrete
- dry mix concrete
- durable concrete
- earth-damp concrete
- electrically conductive concrete
- electrically heated concrete
- epoxy concrete
- exfoliated vermiculite concrete
- expanded concrete
- expanded-clay concrete
- expansive-cement concrete
- exposed aggregate concrete
- extra heavy concrete
- extreme lightweight concrete
- extruded concrete
- facing concrete
- fair-faced concrete
- fat concrete
- fiber reinforced concrete
- field concrete
- field-cured concrete
- fill concrete
- fine grained concrete
- fine grain concrete
- fire-proof concrete
- floated concrete
- flowing concrete
- flow concrete
- foamed concrete
- foamed slag concrete
- foam-gas concrete
- free-flowing concrete
- fresh concrete
- freshly laid concrete
- freshly mixed concrete
- freshly placed concrete
- fully consolidated concrete
- furnace cinder concrete
- gas concrete
- glass concrete
- glass-fiber reinforced concrete
- granolithic concrete
- green concrete
- grouted-aggregate concrete
- grouted concrete
- gunned concrete
- gypsum concrete
- gypsum fiber concrete
- hand mixed concrete
- hardened concrete
- harsh concrete
- hearting concrete
- heated concrete
- heat insulating concrete
- heat-resistant concrete
- heavyweight concrete
- weight concrete
- high-density concrete
- high-early-strength concrete
- high flowability concrete
- high-pressure steam cured concrete
- high-strength concrete
- high-temperature-resisting concrete
- high-temperature concrete
- high-workability concrete
- holdover concrete
- honeycombed concrete
- hot concrete
- hot-laid asphaltic concrete
- hot asphaltic concrete
- hot-laid asphalt concrete
- hot asphalt concrete
- hot weather concrete
- hydraulic concrete
- ice concrete
- improved quality concrete
- in-fill concrete
- initial concrete
- in-situ concrete
- insulating concrete
- integrally colored concrete
- iron-shot concrete
- latex modified concrete
- lean mix concrete
- lean concrete
- left-over concrete
- lightweight concrete
- lightweight aggregate concrete
- lime concrete
- low cement content concrete
- low-density concrete
- low-grade concrete
- low-heat concrete
- low-pressure steam cured concrete
- low-slump concrete
- low-slump dense concrete
- low workability concrete
- machine mixed concrete
- marine concrete
- mass concrete
- microsilica concrete
- monolithic concrete
- mushy concrete
- nailable concrete
- new concrete
- no-fines concrete
- no-fine concrete
- noncomplying concrete
- nonshrink concrete
- normal-weight concrete
- normal concrete
- no-slump concrete
- no-voids concrete
- ocrated concrete
- off-formwork concrete
- ordinary structural concrete
- ornamental concrete
- oversite concrete
- packaged concrete
- pattern stamped concrete
- pavement concrete
- perlite aggregate concrete
- perlite concrete
- perlite insulating concrete
- pfa concrete
- pigmented concrete
- plain concrete
- plant-mixed concrete
- plastic concrete
- plastic state concrete
- pneumatically placed concrete
- polyester resin concrete
- polyester concrete
- polymer concrete
- polymer-cement concrete
- polymer-impregnated concrete
- polymer-modified concrete
- polymer-modified glass-fiber-reinforced concrete
- polystyrene bead concrete
- polystyrene-foam concrete
- poor concrete
- popcorn concrete
- porous concrete
- Portland cement concrete
- post-tension concrete
- pourable concrete
- poured-in-place concrete
- pozzolana concrete
- precast concrete
- precast glass-fiber-reinforced concrete
- precast prestressed concrete
- precast reinforced concrete
- precast with cast-in-place concrete
- prefabricated reinforced concrete
- prefab reinforced concrete
- prepacked aggregate concrete
- prepacked concrete
- pre-post tensioned concrete
- prestressed concrete
- pretensioned concrete
- pretension concrete
- properly consolidated concrete
- pumice concrete
- pumpable concrete
- quality concrete
- quality controlled concrete
- radiation shielding concrete
- rammed concrete
- ready mixed concrete
- recycled concrete
- refractory concrete
- refractory insulating concrete
- regular concrete
- reinforced concrete
- reinforced polymer concrete
- resin concrete
- resin modified cement concrete
- returned concrete
- rich concrete
- roller compacted concrete
- rubble concrete
- salt water resistant concrete
- sand concrete
- sand blasted concrete
- sawdust concrete
- scale-resistant concrete
- scoria concrete
- sealed concrete
- seawater resisting concrete
- seawater concrete
- self-compacting concrete
- self-stressed concrete
- semidry concrete
- semilightweight concrete
- set concrete
- shielding concrete
- shrinkage compensating concrete
- shrink-mixed concrete
- shuttered concrete
- silica-fume concrete
- silicate concrete
- site concrete
- site mixed concrete
- site mixed ready mixed concrete
- slag concrete
- specialty concretes
- special concretes
- specified ready mixed concrete
- sprayed concrete
- sprayed steel fiber concrete
- spun concrete
- stabilized concrete
- stamped concrete
- standard concrete
- steam cured concrete
- steel fiber concrete
- steel fiber reinforced concrete
- steel fibrous concrete
- sticky concrete
- stiff consistency concrete
- stiff concrete
- stone concrete
- structural concrete
- structural lightweight aggregate concrete
- structural lightweight concrete
- structural precast concrete
- submerged concrete
- sulfate-resistant concrete
- sulfur concrete
- sulfur-modified concrete
- super concrete
- superplasticized concrete
- superplasticized flowing concrete
- tamped concrete
- tar concrete
- terrazzo concrete
- textured architectural concrete
- textured concrete
- textured concrete left as cast
- three component concrete
- tooled concrete
- transit-mix concrete
- translucent concrete
- tremie concrete
- trowelled concrete
- truck-mixed concrete
- two-component concrete
- ultra-high-strength concrete
- uncured concrete
- undersanded concrete
- underwater concrete
- uniform concrete
- unreinforced concrete
- unsurfaced exposed concrete
- vacuum treated concrete
- vacuum concrete
- vermiculate concrete
- vibrated concrete
- waterproofed concrete
- water-repellent concrete
- watertight concrete
- weak concrete
- wearproof concrete
- wet concrete
- white cement concrete
- white concrete
- wire prestressed precast concrete
- wire stressed precast concrete
- wood cement concrete
- wood fiber concrete
- zero slump concrete

Англо-русский строительный словарь > concrete
17 time

время; период; продолжительность; pl. отсчёты времени; рассчитывать или замерять по времени; измерять время

astronaut lunar surface time — время пребывания космонавтов на лунной поверхности

be short on time — иметь небольшой налёт (о лётчике)

dispersion time of gases — время рассеяния газов

establishment time of laminar flow — время установления ламинарного течения

estimated time of arrival — расчётное время прилета

estimated time of departure — расчётное время вылета

estimated time of passing — расчётное время пролета (заданного пункта маршрута)

fixed throttle point burn time — ркт. время работы двигателя с постоянной тягой

hover propellant burning time — время работы двигателей, обеспечивающих зависание (ЛА)

landing gear retraction time — время [продолжительность] уборки шасси

mean time between failure ( — средняя) наработка на отказ

minimum annual flying time — установленный минимальный годовой налёт лётчика [члена экипажа]

pallets position and lock time — время на установку и крепление грузовых поддонов

periodic time of oscillation — период колебаний

residence time in the nozzle — время пребывания (продуктов сгорания) в сопле

response time for maneuver — время реакции при выполнении маневра

running time between inspections — дв. наработка между осмотрами

time of fuel entry — момент подачи горючего

time of rail travel — время движения (ракеты) по направляющей

time of thrust application — время действия тяги, время работы ракетного двигателя

time of velocity correction — время корректирования [регулирования] скорости

time to final data — время до получения данных в окончательном виде

time to Mach 2 — время разгона до числа М=2

time to the ground — время до столкновения с землёй [до падения на землю]

total fleet engine time — общая [суммарная] наработка двигателей всего самолётного парка

— ablation time

— acceleration time

— accumulated operating time

— acquisition time

— action time

— active flight time

— actuator response time

— afterburning time

— air maneuvering time

— aircraft reaction time

— aircraft response time

— alignment time

— apparent time

— approach time

— arm time

— astronomical time

— attack-response time

— available time

— bench time

— block time

— boost-phase burning time

— bootleg flying time

— briefed time

— buildup time

— burning time

— burnout time

— burn-up time

— camera overrun time

— candle burn time

— central standard time

— characteristic time

— chock-to-chock time

— climb time

— closing response time

— closing time

— coast-down time

— coasting time

— combat firing time

— combustion time

— common time

— conversion time

— countdown time

— cruise time

— cut-in time

— cutoff time

— data-analysis time

— dead time

— decay time

— decrabbing time

— delay time

— departure time

— detection time

— disreef filling time

— dog-fight time

— down time

— dwell time

— effective burning time

— engine acceleration time

— engine change time

— engine operating time

— engine reaction time

— engine response time

— engine time

— engine-running time

— equilibrium burning time

— escape time

— exposure time

— extended coast time

— fan spinup time

— finite thrusting time

— firing time

— firing-to-impact time

— first-pilot time

— flare-to-touchdown time

— flight sector time

— flight simulator time

— flight test time

— flight time

— float time

— flotation time

— flying time

— gear retraction time

— ground elapsed time

— ground handling time

— ground launching time

— ground maneuvering time

— guidance time

— gyro runup time

— hangar time

— high flying times

— holding time

— hover burn time

— hovering time

— idling time

— ignition time

— individual flight time

— inflight time

— initial firing time

— in-jig time

— instructional flight time

— instrument scanning time

— instrument time

— instrument trainer time

— interception time

— jaunching time

— jet time

— landing time

— lead time

— leading-edge pulse time

— loiter time

— low flying times

— maintenance time

— missile response time

— mixture preparation time

— monitor full time

— motor cutoff time

— noncombat flying time

— nonfailure operating time

— on-ground time

— on-load/off-load time

— opening time

— orbit life time

— orientation time

— overall block time

— pad stay time

— perihelion time

— pilot reaction time

— pilot training time

— plus time

— postflare float time

— powered flight time

— power-on time

— prelaunch time

— pulse decay time

— pulse time

— pulse-rise time

— rack delay time

— range time

— reaction time

— readiness time

— recovery time

— relaxation time

— release time

— reloading time

— repair time

— required test time

— rescue time

— residence time

— response time

— resting time

— retention time

— rise time

— roll delay time

— route flying time

— run time

— run-down time

— running time

— running-in time

— run-up time

— runway occupancy time

— scan time

— scanning time

— scramble time

— search time

— separation time

— servicing time

— settling time

— shelf time

— simulator time

— solar time

— solo flight time

— specified terminal time

— specified time

— spot time

— standard time

— start engine time

— starting time

— stay time

— student time

— supersonic time

— survival time

— T time

— tabulated time

— tail-off time

— takeoff time

— target time

— taxi time

— test turnaround time

— thrust build-up time

— thrusting time

— time between failures

— time from abort

— time from lift-off

— time of abort

— time of collision

— time of ejection

— time of release

— time of releasing

— time on-station

— time over target

— time to altitude

— time to climb

— time to detect

— time to peak

— time to takeoff

— time to target

— time-to-go to touchdown

— tolerable exposure time

— total flight time

— total rendezvous time

— total residence time

— total time flown

— total trip time

— touchdown time

— track time

— transfer time

— transit time

— transportation delay time

— trouble shooting time

— turnaround time

— universal time

— up time

— warm-up time

— warning time

— weather time

— web time

— X time

— zero time

— zero-g time

— zero-gravity time

Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > time

См. также в других словарях:

Route 27 (MTA Maryland) — This article is about the MTA bus route. For the numbered road, see Maryland Route 27. Route 27 City Baltimore Operating Agency Maryland Transit Administration … Wikipedia
Route assignment — Route assignment, route choice, or traffic assignment concerns the selection of routes (alternative called paths) between origins and destinations in transportation networks. It is the fourth step in the conventional transportation forecasting… … Wikipedia
initial — initial, iale, iaux [ inisjal, jo ] adj. et n. f. • 1130, rare av. fin XVIIe; lat. initialis, de initium « commencement » 1 ♦ Qui est au commencement, qui caractérise le commencement (de qqch.). État initial. ⇒ originel, primitif. Cause initiale … Encyclopédie Universelle
Route departementale 190 (Yvelines) — Route départementale 190 (Yvelines) D 190 Route départementale 190 (Yvelines) Longueur 45 km (environ) Direction est / ouest Extrémité est … Wikipédia en Français
Route des Grandes Alpes — Route des Grandes Alpes, indiquée à la sortie de Bourg Saint Maurice dans la direction du Cormet de Roselend et du Beaufortain. La route des Grandes Alpes est un itinéraire touristique de 684 kilomètres qui traverse les Alpes françaises du nord… … Wikipédia en Français
Route départementale 190 (yvelines) — D 190 Route départementale 190 (Yvelines) Longueur 45 km (environ) Direction est / ouest Extrémité est … Wikipédia en Français
Route 158 (Prince Edward Island) — Route 158, officially named Harper Road, and sometimes referred to sectionally as Leoville Road (see below), is a 2 lane collector highway in western Prince County, Prince Edward Island, Canada. It is located 0 mdash;4 miles SW of the community… … Wikipedia
Route Napoléon — Route nationale 85 N 85 Route nationale 85 … Wikipédia en Français
Route des Alpes de Napoléon — Route nationale 85 N 85 Route nationale 85 … Wikipédia en Français
Route départementale 190 (Yvelines) — D 190 Longueur 45 km (environ) Direction est / ouest Extrémité est Pecq Intersections Saint Germain en Laye … Wikipédia en Français
Route nationale 106 — N 106 La RN 106 au col de Montmirat Historique Déclassements D 806 (Lozère, d … Wikipédia en Français

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: с английского на все языки

initial route point

См. также в других словарях:

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Словари и энциклопедии на Академике

Перевод: с английского на все языки

initial route point

См. также в других словарях:

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка: